The LCDs put in projection systems are generally small reflective or transmissive panels illuminated by a powerful arc lamp source. A number of lenses expands the reflected or transmitted image and sends it onto a screen. With front-projection systems the LCD is set on the side of the screen as the viewer, but in rear-projection systems the screen is lit from behind. Projectors of more expense and performance might use three separate LCD panels, forming separate red, green, and blue images that blend to make a coloured picture on the screen.
The increasing desire for film presentations has had a growth in emphasis on the switching speed of liquid crystals. This has led to the creation of items employing smectic liquid crystals, particular types of which give a speedier electro-optical response than nematic liquid crystals. The surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) display is currently the most progressive smectic device. Within it the liquid crystal molecules are cast in perpendicular layers to the substrate planes, which are distanced by one or two micrometres, and in the layers the molecules are slanted, as shown in the figure. The host liquid crystal contains optically active molecules, and a subtle outcome of the optical activity and the tilt of the molecules is the appearance of a permanent charge separation, or ferroelectric dipole, analogous to the ferromagnetic dipole of a magnet. The direction of this dipole is perpendicular to the tilt direction of the molecules and throughout the plane of the layers. Thus, there is a permanent charge separation over the liquid crystal layer in the SSFLC, and its sign is directly paired to the tilt direction of the molecules. An applied voltage of the correct sign can reverse the direction of this dipole in tens of microseconds and so reverse the tilt direction of the molecules. The respective change in optical properties can make a change from light to dark when one or more polarizers are utilised.
SSFLC devices have been commercialized for big passive-matrix displays, but their expense and complex nature has prevented them from making any particular progress on the market. Small transmissive and reflective active-matrix SSFLC displays, however, display some promise for use as aspects in projection systems or as viewfinders in digital cameras. Their quick response allows them to be made use of in time-sequential colour systems, in which expensive colour filters are removed for a coloured backlight that flashes red, green, and blue in rapid pulsing (approximately 100 cycles per second). For example, the liquid crystal might be switched to a transmissive state during the red and green periods then to a nontransmissive state for the blue period, creating the end result that the eye sees an average of red and green light, or the colour yellow.
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